Risk Stratification to Guide Prevention and Control Strategies for Arboviruses Transmitted by Aedes aegypti.

Strategies for the prevention of arboviral diseases transmitted by Aedes aegypti have traditionally focused on vector control. This remains the same to this day, despite a lack of documented evidence on its efficacy due to a lack of coverage and sustainability. The continuous growth of urban areas and generally unplanned urbanization, which favor the presence of Ae. aegypti, demand resources, both material and human, as well as logistics to effectively lower the population's risk of infection. These considerations have motivated the development of tools to identify areas with a recurrent concentration of arboviral cases during an outbreak to be able to prioritize preventive actions and optimize available resources. This study explores the existence of spatial patterns of dengue incidence in the locality of Tartagal, in northeastern Argentina, during the outbreaks that occurred between 2010 and 2020. Approximately half (50.8%) of the cases recorded during this period were concentrated in 35.9% of the urban area. Additionally, an important overlap was found between hotspot areas of dengue and chikungunya (Kendall's W = 0.92; p-value < 0.001) during the 2016 outbreak. Moreover, 65.9% of the cases recorded in 2022 were geolocalized within the hotspot areas detected between 2010 and 2020. These results can be used to generate a risk map to implement timely preventive control strategies that prioritize these areas to reduce their vulnerability while optimizing the available resources and increasing the scope of action.

Albendazole and ivermectin for the control of soil-transmitted helminths in an area with high prevalence of Strongyloides stercoralis and hookworm in northwestern Argentina: A community-based pragmatic study.

BACKGROUND: Recommendations for soil-transmitted helminth (STH) control give a key role to deworming of school and pre-school age children with albendazole or mebendazole; which might be insufficient to achieve adequate control, particularly against Strongyloides stercoralis. The impact of preventive chemotherapy (PC) against STH morbidity is still incompletely understood. The aim of this study was to assess the effectiveness of a community-based program with albendazole and ivermectin in a high transmission setting for S. stercoralis and hookworm. METHODOLOGY: Community-based pragmatic trial conducted in Tartagal, Argentina; from 2012 to 2015. Six communities (5070 people) were enrolled for community-based PC with albendazole and ivermectin. Two communities (2721 people) were re-treated for second and third rounds. STH prevalence, anemia and malnutrition were explored through consecutive surveys. Anthropometric assessment of children, stool analysis, complete blood count and NIE-ELISA serology for S. stercoralis were performed. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: STH infection was associated with anemia and stunting in the baseline survey that included all communities and showed a STH prevalence of 47.6% (almost exclusively hookworm and S. stercoralis). Among communities with multiple interventions, STH prevalence decreased from 62% to 23% (p<0.001) after the first PC; anemia also diminished from 52% to 12% (p<0.001). After two interventions S. stercoralis seroprevalence declined, from 51% to 14% (p<0.001) and stunting prevalence decreased, from 19% to 12% (p = 0.009). CONCLUSIONS: Hookworm' infections are associated with anemia in the general population and nutritional impairment in children. S. stercoralis is also associated with anemia. Community-based deworming with albendazole and ivermectin is effective for the reduction of STH prevalence and morbidity in communities with high prevalence of hookworm and S. stercoralis.

Effect of Poor Access to Water and Sanitation As Risk Factors for Soil-Transmitted Helminth Infection: Selectiveness by the Infective Route.

BACKGROUND: Soil-transmitted helminth (STH) infections are a public health problem in resource-limited settings worldwide. Chronic STH infection impairs optimum learning and productivity, contributing to the perpetuation of the poverty-disease cycle. Regular massive drug administration (MDA) is the cardinal recommendation for its control; along with water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) interventions. The impact of joint WASH interventions on STH infections has been reported; studies on the independent effect of WASH components are needed to contribute with the improvement of current recommendations for the control of STH. The aim of this study is to assess the association of lacking access to water and sanitation with STH infections, taking into account the differences in route of infection among species and the availability of adequate water and sanitation at home. METHODS AND FINDINGS: Cross-sectional study, conducted in Salta province, Argentina. During a deworming program that enrolled 6957 individuals; 771 were randomly selected for stool/serum sampling for parasitological and serological diagnosis of STH. Bivariate stratified analysis was performed to explore significant correlations between risk factors and STH infections grouped by mechanism of entry as skin-penetrators (hookworms and Strongyloides stercoralis) vs. orally-ingested (Ascaris lumbricoides and Trichuris trichiura). After controlling for potential confounders, unimproved sanitation was significantly associated with increased odds of infection of skin-penetrators (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 3.9; 95% CI: 2.6-5.9). Unimproved drinking water was significantly associated with increased odds of infection of orally-ingested (aOR = 2.2; 95% CI: 1.3-3.7). CONCLUSIONS: Lack of safe water and proper sanitation pose a risk of STH infections that is distinct according to the route of entry to the human host used by each of the STH species. Interventions aimed to improve water and sanitation access should be highlighted in the recommendations for the control of STH.

A new species of Liolaemus from the darwinii group (Iguania: Liolaemidae), Tucumán province, Argentina.

A new species of the genus Liolaemus (Iguania: Liolaemidae) is described from the province of Tucumán, northwestern Argentina. This new lizard species is a member of the L. boulengeri group and within this group, it is a member of the L. darwinii subgroup. It is found at a site called Los Cardones (Km 98), at an altitude of 2725 m, near Amaicha del Valle, Tucumán province. Including this new species, the L. darwinii subgroup now has 20 species. Liolaemus pacha sp. nov. was known as L. quilmes, but differences mainly in size (snout-vent-length and head measurements) and in color pattern show that it clearly separates from this species and others of this group. Male and female snout-vent lengths, male width, height and length of head are greater than in L. quilmes. It also exhibits a larger and wider male torso, larger hand, and a greater number of gular scales and scales around the body. Adult males of L. pacha sp. nov. present a more marked coloration pattern, with numerous light blue and white spots, discontinuous yellow dorsolateral stripes, paravertebrals and prescapular black spot enlarged and more conspicuous than in males of L. quilmes.

American cutaneous leishmaniasis outbreak, Tartagal city, province of Salta, Argentina, 1993

An American cutaneous leishmaniasis outbreak, with cases clustering during 1993 in Tartagal city, Salta, was reported. The outbreak involved 102 individuals, 43.1 percent of them with multiple ulcers. Age (mean: 33 years old) and sex distribution of cases (74.5 percent males), as well as working activity (70 forest-related), support the hypothesis of classical forest transmission leishmaniasis, despite the fact that the place of permanent residence was in periurban Tartagal. Moreover, during July, sandflies were only collected from one of the 'deforestation areas'. Lutzomyia intermedia was the single species of the 491 phlebotomines captured, reinforcing the vector incrimination of this species. Most infections must have been acquired during the fall (April to June), a pattern consistent with previous sandfly population dynamics data. Based on the epidemiological and entomological results, it was advised not to do any vector-targeted periurban control measures during July. Further studies should be done to assess if the high rate of multiple lesions was due to parasite factors or to infective vector density factors

Estudio de casos de leishmaniasis en la provincia de Salta: evidencias de infeccion mixta por Trypanosoma cruzi y Leishmania spp / Study of cases of leishmaniasis in the Province of Salta: evidences of mixed infection with Trypanosoma cruzi and Leishmania spp

En numerosas regiones del Continente Americano y aun de Argentina existe superposición de áreas endémicas de dos importantes parasitoses como son la enfermedad de Chagas y la leishmaniasis. Los parásitos causantes de ambas pertenecen a la misma familia (Trypanosomatidae) por lo que el diagnóstico serológico diferencial con antígenos convencionales se ve dificultado por la existencia de fenómenos de reactividad cruzada. En este trabajo estudiamos pacientes provenientes de una zona endémica para ambas parasitosis (Tartagal-Orán, Salta) que consultaron por lesiones cutáneas o mucoctáneas compatibles con leishmaniasis. El estudio de los sueros, utilizando Ag complejos de Leishmania, mostró inusualmente altos porcentajes de positividad para pacientes leishmaniásicos. El análisis empleando pruebas convencionales frente a Ag heterólogos complejos de T. cruzi, reveló que la mayoría daban positivas estas reacciones. La utilización de 2 técnicas no convencionales para el diagnóstico de enfermedad de Chagas, permitó dividir los pacientes en 2 grupos: 1. Con evidencias de infección por T. cruzi: aquellos que dieron positivo en ELISA utilizando un Ag específico purificado con un Ac monoclonal (Ag163B6) o que presentaban un patrón de bandas característico de pacientes chagásicos por "immunoblotting" frente a epimastigotes; 2. Pacientes sin evidencias de infección por T. cruzi: aquellos negativos para ambas técnicas. Se pudo comprobar así que más del 50 por ciento de los leishmaniásicos presentaba fuertes evidencias de una infección concomitante con T. cruzi. Además, el alto grado de reactividad cruzada quedó de manifesto en el grupo de pacientes sin evidencia de infección por T. cruzi, ya que el 60 por ciento dio positivas al menos 2 reacciones convencionales considerándoselos por ende como chagásicos, pero dieron negativas ambas reacciones específicas. Estos resultados destacan la importancia de contar con Ag definidos y técnicas apropriadas para el diagnóstico serológico diferencial de estas parasitosis, lo cual cobra mayor importancia en las zonas donde ambas son endémicas.

Estudio de casos de leishmaniasis en la provincia de Salta: evidencias de infeccion mixta por Trypanosoma cruzi y Leishmania spp / Study of cases of leishmaniasis in the Province of Salta: evidences of mixed infection with Trypanosoma cruzi and Leishmania spp

En numerosas regiones del Continente Americano y aun de Argentina existe superposición de áreas endémicas de dos importantes parasitoses como son la enfermedad de Chagas y la leishmaniasis. Los parásitos causantes de ambas pertenecen a la misma familia (Trypanosomatidae) por lo que el diagnóstico serológico diferencial con antígenos convencionales se ve dificultado por la existencia de fenómenos de reactividad cruzada. En este trabajo estudiamos pacientes provenientes de una zona endémica para ambas parasitosis (Tartagal-Orán, Salta) que consultaron por lesiones cutáneas o mucoctáneas compatibles con leishmaniasis. El estudio de los sueros, utilizando Ag complejos de Leishmania, mostró inusualmente altos porcentajes de positividad para pacientes leishmaniásicos. El análisis empleando pruebas convencionales frente a Ag heterólogos complejos de T. cruzi, reveló que la mayoría daban positivas estas reacciones. La utilización de 2 técnicas no convencionales para el diagnóstico de enfermedad de Chagas, permitó dividir los pacientes en 2 grupos: 1. Con evidencias de infección por T. cruzi: aquellos que dieron positivo en ELISA utilizando un Ag específico purificado con un Ac monoclonal (Ag163B6) o que presentaban un patrón de bandas característico de pacientes chagásicos por "immunoblotting" frente a epimastigotes; 2. Pacientes sin evidencias de infección por T. cruzi: aquellos negativos para ambas técnicas. Se pudo comprobar así que más del 50 por ciento de los leishmaniásicos presentaba fuertes evidencias de una infección concomitante con T. cruzi. Además, el alto grado de reactividad cruzada quedó de manifesto en el grupo de pacientes sin evidencia de infección por T. cruzi, ya que el 60 por ciento dio positivas al menos 2 reacciones convencionales considerándoselos por ende como chagásicos, pero dieron negativas ambas reacciones específicas. Estos resultados destacan la importancia de contar con Ag definidos y técnicas apropriadas para el diagnóstico serológico diferencial de estas parasitosis, lo cual cobra mayor importancia en las zonas donde ambas son endémicas. (AU)